Background: Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) is a public health problem in many countries in Asia. Fars province in the south of Iran is an area with endemic CL. Objectives: This study aimed to estimate CL’s Lifetime and point Prevalence in the Fars province’s general population. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 11779 participants living in Marvdasht, the second largest county of Fars province, Iran, in 2019 to estimate CL’s Lifetime and point Prevalence. In total, 59 urban and 55 rural clusters (with 30 households per cluster) were randomly selected. Door-to-door interviews were conducted by trained nurses to collect the required data. Results: The point Prevalence was estimated at 3. 56 (95% confidence interval: 2. 6-4. 8) per 1000 population. The Lifetime Prevalence of CL was 8. 48 (95% confidence interval: 7. 99-9. 00) per 100 population. There was no difference between urban and rural areas and gender regarding fresh or old scars, and CL scares (P ≤ 0. 05 for all). Conclusions: Based on the results, Marvdasht in Fars province was the hyperendemic area for CL. Since the Lifetime Prevalence of CL in Marvdasht is almost 8%, 89% of the people of this city are at risk of contracting Leishmania. As a result, more public health interventions are needed to control the CL epidemic in Marvdasht.

Epilepsy is a worldwide, chronic, multifactorial neurological disorders affecting over 50 million people. The mean Prevalence of active epilepsy in developed countries varies between 4 and 10 per 1000, higher Prevalence has been reported in developing countries. Some studies that have been conducted in Iran, where small, assessed epilepsy in separate cities and had some disadvantage. Regard to development of Iran, frequent car accident and war victims it seems that the Prevalence of epilepsy is high in the country. This is a cross-sectional population based nationwide study that has performed to estimate the Lifetime Prevalence of epilepsy in 70000 Iranian residences. Iran has the highest Prevalence of long life, epilepsy that 2-3 more than the overall worldwide estimation. Partial seizure is the most common type in Iran. It seems a considerable portion of patients are under control. Overall Prevalence is equal in both genders. In early life and middle is more common in males.

Purpose: To estimate the current Lifetime Prevalence of urolithiasis at the national level in Iran and investigate the potential influential demographic factors in different geographical areas. Materials and methods: An epidemiological study was conducted between October 2020 and November 2022 in 31 provinces of Iran at the national level. Data was obtained through telephone interviews with households. Items in the interview included questions about the current and past episodes of urolithiasis, family history of urolithiasis, and demographic and environmental variables of potential interest in urolithiasis. Results: A total of 44186 participants were investigated from 31 provinces of Iran. The overall percentage of those with Lifetime Prevalence of urolithiasis was 6. 6%, including 7. 9% for males and 5. 3% for females (P <. 001). In addition, with regard to the residential location, men were 53% (7. 9% vs. 5. 2%) more susceptible than women to urinary stones in urban areas and 36% (7. 8% vs. 5. 7%) more susceptible in rural areas. Out of 31 provinces, the Sistan-baluchistan province had the highest Lifetime Prevalence (15. 6%) and the Golestan province had the lowest (2. 1%). The Lifetime Prevalence of urolithiasis in the rural areas was 6. 8% versus 6. 5% in the urban areas (P =. 29). Regarding age differences, the Lifetime urolithiasis Prevalence has increased up to the age of 70 years. In addition, the most prominent increase in the Lifetime Prevalence was observed in the age range of 20 to 60 years (from 0. 9% to 11. 8%). The ethnicity with the highest Lifetime Prevalence rate of urolithiasis was the Baluch ethnicity (18%). Conclusion: Generally, 6. 6% of Iranian population suffers from urinary stones during their Lifetime. Urolithiasis Prevalence has increased 0. 06% annually compared to the latest national study that took place 15 years ago. This increasing trend seems to be less prominent than other countries. According to our findings, urinary stones are more prevalent in men than in women and in the third to sixth decade of life. Baluch ethnicity is associated with the highest Lifetime Prevalence rate of urolithiasis and there is no significant difference between rural and urban areas. However, the ratio of male to female risk of urolithiasis is higher in urban areas compared to rural areas.

Objective: The Prevalence of smoking in the adolescence is a valuable indicator for prediction of national burden of smoking in the future. The aim of this systematic review is to determine the Prevalence of Lifetime smoking among high school students in Iran.Methods: Various search methods have been used including searching Pub med, ISI, Psyc INFO, CINAHL, Embase, Iran Medex, Iran Psych and database on drug abuse, as well as hand-searching. All original researches, which had described Lifetime use of cigarette, hookah, and pipe among high school students were included in the study with no restriction on date of publication, and were qualitatively assessed. Subsequent to data extraction, heterogeneity test was carried out on indicators for which more than two studies were found and meta-analyses were performed.Results: In total, 18 studies were included in this review. The combined Prevalence of Lifetime cigarette smoking for boys, girls and total high school students were calculated as 30.9% (95% confidence interval (CI): 25-36.8), 14% (95% CI: 7-20.9) and 21% (95% CI: 15.1-26.9), respectively. The combined Prevalence of Lifetime cigarette smoking for boys was significantly different (P<0.001) in the year 2001 and before (38.6%), with the years after 2002 (21.5%).Conclusion: In Iran, the Prevalence of smoking in this age range is lower than many other countries and in recent years, a decreasing trend was found in boys. These findings can be attributed to the national control and prevention strategies. However, some studies have several qualitative limitations, which points to the necessity of high quality repeated surveys in the future.